All Quiet On The Western Front Essay On WarS Effect On Minds Example For Students

All Quiet On The Western Front Essay On WarS Effect On Minds All Quiet on the Western FrontErich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front, a novel set in World War I, centers around the changes wrought by the war on one young German soldier. During his time in the war, Remarque’s protagonist, Paul Baumer, changes from a rather innocent Romantic to a hardened and somewhat caustic veteran. More importantly, during the course of this metamorphosis, Baumer disaffiliates himself from those societal icons—parents, elders, school, religion—that had been the foundation of his pre-enlistment days. This rejection comes about as a result of Baumer’s realization that the pre-enlistment society simply does not understand the reality of the Great War. His new society, then, becomes the Company, his fellow trench soldiers, because that isa group which does understand the truth as Baumer has experienced it. Remarque demonstrates Baumer’s disaffiliation from the traditional by emphasizing the language of Baumer’spre- and post-enlistment societies. Baumer either can not, or chooses not to, communicate truthfully with those representatives of his pre-enlistment and innocent days. Further, he is repulsed by the banal and meaningless language that is used by members of that society. As he becomes alienated from his former, traditional, society, Baumer simultaneously is able to communicate effectively only with his military comrades. Since the novel is told from the first person point of view, the reader can see how the words Baumer speaks are at variance with his true feelings. In his preface to the novel, Remarque maintains that a generation of men were destroyed by the war(Remarque, All Quiet Preface). Indeed, in All Quiet on the Western Front, the meaning of language itself is, to a great extent, Early in the novel, Baumer notes how his elders had been facile with words pri or to his enlistment. Specifically, teachers and parents had used words, passionately at times, to persuade him and other young men to enlist in the war effort. After relating the tale of a teacher who exhorted his students to enlist, Baumer states that teachers always carry their feelings ready in their waistcoat pockets, and trot them out by the hour (Remarque, All Quiet I. 15). Baumer admits that he, and others, were fooled by this rhetorical trickery. Parents,too, were not averse to using words to shame their sons into enlisting. At that time even one’s parents were ready with theword ‘coward’ (Remarque, All Quiet I. 15). Remembering those days, Baumer asserts that, as a result of his war experiences, he has learned how shallow the use of these words was. Indeed, early in his enlistment, Baumer comprehends that although authority figures taught that duty to one’s country is the greatest thing, we already knew that death-throes are stronger. But for all that, we were no mutineers, no deserters, no cowards—they were very free with these expressions. We loved our country as much as they; we went courageously into every action; but also we distinguished the false from true, we had suddenly learned to see. (Remarque, All Quiet What Baumer and his comrades have learned is that the words and expressions used by the pillars of society do not reflect the reality of war and of one’s participation in it. As the novel progresses, Baumer himself uses words in a similarly false fashion. A number of instances of Baumer’s own misuse of language occur during an important episode in the novel—a period of leave when he visits his home town. This leave is disastrous for Baumer because he realizes that he can not communicate with the people on the home front because of his military experiences and their limited, or nonexistent, When he first enters his house, for example, Baumer is overwhelmed at being home. His joy and relief are such that he cannot speak; he can only weep (Remarque, All Quiet VII. 140). When he and his mother greet each other, he realizes immediately that he has nothing to say to her: We say very little and I am thankful that sheasks nothing (Remarque, All Quiet VII. 141). But finally she does speak to him and asks, ’Was it very bad out there, Paul?’ (Remarque, Here, when he answers, he lies, ostensibly to protect her from hearing of the chaotic conditions from which he has just returned. He Mother, what should I answer to tha t! You would notunderstand, you could never realize it. And you never shall realize it. Was it bad, you ask.—You, Mother,I shake my head and say: No, Mother, not so very. There are always a lot of us together so it isn’t so bad.(Remarque, All Quiet VII. 143)Even in trying to protect her, by using words that are false, Baumer creates a separation between his mother andhimself. Clearly, as Baumer sees it, such knowledge is not for the uninitiated. On another level, however, Baumer cannot respond to his mother’s question: he understands that the experiences he has had are so overwhelming that a civilian language, or any language at all, would be ineffective in describing them. Trying to replicate theexperience and horrors of the war via words is impossible, Baumer realizes, and so he lies. Any attempt at telling the truth would, in During the course of his leave, Baumer also sees his father. The fact that he does not wish to speak with his parent (i.e., use few or no words at all) shows Baumer’s movement away from the traditional institution of the family. Baumer reports that his father is curious about the war in a way that I find stupid and distressing; I nolonger have any real contact with him (Remarque, All Quiet VII. 146). In considering the demands of his father to discuss the war, Baumer, once again, realizes the impossibility, and, in this case, even the danger, of trying to relate the reality of the war via language. There is nothing he likes more than just hearing about it. Irealize he does not know that a man cannot talk of such things; I would do it willingly, but it is too dangerous for me to put these things into words. I am afraid they might then become gigantic and I be no longer able to master them. (Remarque, All Quiet VII. 146)Again, Baumer notes the impossibility of making the experience of war meaningful within a verbal context: the war is too big, the words describing it would have to be correspondingly immense and, with their symbolic size, might become uncontrollable and, hence, meaningless. Decision Making EssayWe sit opposite one another, Kat and I, two soldiers in shabby coats, cooking a goose in the middle of the night. We don’t talk much, but I believe we have a more complete communion with oneanother than even lovers have The grease drips from our hands, in our hearts we are close to one another we sit with a goose between us and feel in unison, are so intimate that we do These elemental and primitive activities of getting and then eating food bring about a communion, a feeling in unison, between the two men that clearly cannot be found in the word-heavy environment of Baumer’s home town. Perhaps Remarque wants to make the point that true communication can occur only in action, or in silence, or almost accidentally. At any rate, Baumer demonstrates toward the end of his life that even he is not immune from verbal duplicity of a kind that was used on him to get him to enlist. Soon after he hears the comforting words of his comrades (see above), Bau mer is caught in another shell hole during the bombardment. Here, he is forced to kill a Frenchman who jumps into it while attacking the German lines. Baumer is horrified at his action. He notes, This is the first time I have killed with my hands, whom I can see close at hand, whose death is my doing (Remarque, All Quiet IX. 193). That is, the war, and his partin it, have become much more personalized because now he can actually see the face of his enemy. In his grief, Baumer takes the dead man’s pocket-book from him so that he can find out the deceased’s name and family situation. Realizing that the man he killed is no monster, that, in fact, he had a family, and is evidently very muchlike himself, Baumer begins to make promises to the corpse. He indicates that he will write to his family and goes so far as to promise the corpse that he, Baumer, will take his place on earth: ’I have killed the printer, Gerard Duval. I must be a printer’ (Remarque, All Qu iet IX. 197). More importantly, Baumer renounces his status as soldier by apologizing to the corpse for killing him. Comrade, I did not want to kill you You were only an idea to me before, an abstraction that lived in my mind and called forth its appropriate response. It was that abstraction I stabbed Forgive me, comrade. We always see it too late. Why do they never tell us that you are poor devils like us, that your mothers are just as anxious as ours, and that we have the same fear of death, and the same dying and the same agony—Forgive me, comrade; how could you be my enemy? If we threw away these rifles and this uniform you could be my brother just like Kat In addition to the obvious brotherhood of nations sentiment that appears in Baumer’s eulogy, it is interesting to note that Baumer sees that Duval could have been even closer—like Katczinsky, a member of Baumer’s inner circle of Second Company. All of the sentiments, all of the words, that Baumer articulates to Duval are admirable, but they are absolutely false. As time passes, as he spends more time with the corpse of Duval in the shell-hole, Baumer realizes that he will not fulfill the various promises he has made. He cannot write to Duval’s family; it would be beyond impropriety to do so. Moreover, Baumer renounces his brotherhood sentiments: Today you, tomorrow me (Remarque, All Quiet IX. 197). Soon, Baumer admits, I think no more of the dead man, he is of no consequence to me now (Remarque, All Quiet IX. 198). And later, to hedge his bets in case there happens to be justice in the universe, Baumer states, Now merely to avert any ill-luck, I babble mechanically: ‘I will fulfill everything, fulfill everything I have promised you—‘ but already I know that I shall not do so (Remarque, Remarque’s point in this episode is clear: no one is exempt from the perversion of language vis-a-vis the w ar. Even Paul Baumer, who had been disgusted by the meaninglessness of language as demonstrated in his home town, himself uses words and language that are meaningless. Once he is reunited with his comrades after the shell hole episode, Baumer admits it was mere drivelling nonsense that I talked out there in the shell-hole (Remarque, All Quiet IX. 199). Why does Baumer do it? Why does he employ the same types of vacuous words and sentiments that his elders and teachers had used and for which he has no respect? It was only because I had to lie One assumes that this double meaning is apparent only in English. there with him so long After all, war is war (Remarque, All Quiet IX. 200). Ultimately, that is all that Paul Baumer and the reader are left with: war is war. It cannot be defined; it cannot even be discussed with any accuracy. It has no sense and, in fact, is the embodiment of a lack of any kind of meaning. In All Quiet on the Western Front, Erich Maria Remarque shows the disorder created by the war. Thisdisorder affects such elemental societal institutions as the family, the schools, and the church. Moreover, the war is so chaotic that it infects the basic abilities, not the least of which is verbal, of humanity itself. By showing how the First World War deleteriously affects the syntax of language, Remarque is able to demonstrate how the war irreparably alters the order of the world itself. Bibliography:WORK CITEDRemarque, Erich Maria. All Quiet on the Western Front. New York: Ballantine Books, 1984.

The Downside Risk of Essay Topics for Romeo and Juliet That No One Is Talking About

The Downside Risk of Essay Topics for Romeo and Juliet That No One Is Talking About In the play, Shakespeare uses contrast in order to add depth, dramatic results and metaphor, making the play more enjoyable to see. All these films are about the original play in 1 way or another. All these films have some form of fight scene. It is among the best-known film adaptations of the play up to now. William Shakespearewas an English playwright and actor who's regarded as one of the most influential playwrights on earth history. If you would like, you can achieve this with any 2 characters from the play. The funeral scene of the play is a rather considerable event. In summary, Friar Lawrence is a significant character in the class of the play. Type of Essay Topics for Romeo and Juliet Juliet in the animated version is referring to precisely the same issue, but since it's animated it's taken much more lightly. Project Gutenberg believes the Court does not have any jurisdiction over the subject, but until the matter is resolved, it is going to comply. Use references from the book to back up your claim. Ruthless Essay Topics for Romeo and Juliet Strategies Exploited Rosaline chose to be a nun over Romeo. Tybalt continues to provoke Romeo using the word Boy that is an insulting word also. Each character in the story understands fate, and first and foremost, Romeo has a di stinctive relationship with fate. William Shakespeare is called the literary genius behind the traditional play Romeo and Juliet. In the play, Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare develops the thought that the actions of others plays a bigger part in the fate of both lovers. If you're one of the numerous students that are requested to write about Romeo and Juliet and it's still true that you find it difficult to look for good and inspiring title for your work, then, you don't need to worry. The Unusual Secret of Essay Topics for Romeo and Juliet For example, if you're writing a Romeo and Juliet love essay make certain that you capture each detail. Bartleby will not leave. Additionally, there are essays to get or have written from scratch. There are a few lines in Shakespeare too famed for their very own good. Ambiguity looks fitting as what is seen among the maximum romances in literary history also ranks among the distinguished tales of tragedy. There are various sorts of sonnets. The Montagues are, needless to say, not invited. There are lots of things to consider and most importantly, is the dependability of the service you decide to use. When they are rushed, they are often negative consequences as a result. In theory, you may create an argumentative topic from nearly every facet of the story. Their family are mortal enemies so that usually means that they're always fighting together. This dramatic irony has created a huge effect since it was a miscommunication that led to that important brawl. Which caused a great deal of prejudice against the families that result in violence. The feud between the families is apparently an ever-present concern for those characters. Essay Topics for Romeo and Juliet: the Ultimate Convenience! Because the play isn't entirely attempting to make both look bad, it's the better production. As you read, record the critical points so you do not forget when you now embark on the authentic writing. With all these, creating a list of topics built around the play won't be boring in any way. Should you need more writing help, look at these articles about prewriting, writing in third individual, and the way to compose a great opening to your paper. Besides books and other sorts of publications, the web is a remarkable site where you are able to get a good deal of necessary info to create your work more substantial and worth-reading. We've got a professional writing team that's devoted to delivering quality essays. Our site features custom writing help and editing aid. You can find plenty of examples of essays on the internet. If you're a lover of flowery language and would like to read classic works, this is the location where you should start. First Tybalt is among those who are accountable for the tragedy. Shakespeare employs the contrast of love and hate to develop suspense, making the reader fascinated in the way the tension is going to be resolved. Five days is inadequate time for two people to get to understand one another and fall in love.

Argumentative Essay Topics For Grade 9

Argumentative Essay Topics For Grade 9It is a fact that the first few grade level essays should be written on factual and argumentative topics for the grade 9 subject. If you are a writer and feel the need to offer your opinion in the debate, you should know where to start with such an essay.Writing an essay is not a skill that you can learn overnight. The best way to do it is to study what you are writing and then write it in your own words. This will allow you to add your personal thoughts and also can help you develop your creative skills as you write. This will also help you come up with a topic which is not one of the twenty essential topics for a grade 9 essay.With this in mind, when you begin to write a story or use an example, you can always keep in mind the real life example, is it a nature setting or your own experiences. Using a real life example will make it more real to the reader and it can also help you with the emotional element in the essay.There are many varied topi cs in the various courses like chemistry, English, geography, math, psychology, ecology and other subjects. It is important that you know all these topics well as you can write about them in your essay. Also, the best topic can be used to enhance the grade point averages and help in the admissions process.You can look through the local library to find out the topics and techniques used by eminent writers in the past. In fact, your teacher may suggest you to study their books and essays which may come in handy as you come to write a grade 9 essay.Also, you can always read the pages of magazines or newspapers, as this can help you come up with some good topics to write a summary of. Forexample, in the case of a political discussion, a political article or an article related to the economy, you can use the story of the former President Bush in an article.Writing is indeed great and excellent skills to have and you can take advantage of this. It is always best to keep yourself updated w ith the latest trends and theories, so that you can write an argumentative essay without much trouble. In fact, just by keeping yourself updated, you can write a grade 9 essay easily.

Why Do You Want to Be a Writer? An Answer To A Question That Almost Every Student Asked

Why Do You Want to Be a Writer? An Answer To A Question That Almost Every Student AskedThe question is then how to write an essay is a common one that almost every student asked at some point in their life. And if you ask them, they will tell you that they have not been able to answer this question.But there are two answers that you should give to yourself before going out and trying to write a writing essay. The first one is why do you want to be a writer and the second one is how to write an essay?If you ask yourself why do you want to be a writer, then this question is easy to answer. Being a writer has many benefits and you can get so much more writing projects from being a writer. And it is always good to have a goal in mind so that you can determine what your next step is going to be.If you ask yourself how to write an essay, the same question would apply. With writing essays, you will get several projects through which you can write an essay on various topics. You will get you r name printed in newspapers, magazines and you will get the assignment that you want to be an expert on.These will be some of the most important projects for you to be successful in being a writer. The success of a writing project depends on the quality of the essay that you will put in front of people and the reason why you need to write an essay is because you have to find the answer to this question.And the reasons that you need to write an essay are obvious. So many different people need an essay written about various topics, to tell different stories or give them an idea about the future.But with all these reasons and techniques, the answer to the question about writing an essay is very simple. Being a writer gives you so many benefits, but the main reason is that you need to find the answer to the question, 'Why do you want to be a writer?'

Professional Sports Stadium Sample Essay

Professional Sports Stadium Sample EssayIf you've ever thought about writing a professional sports stadium sample essay, then you'll know that writing a great one is no easy task. A professional sports stadium sample essay is a very tough subject for anyone to tackle, as there is so much packed into the brief. If you're not prepared with your subject knowledge and won't have the time to make a well-written essay, then don't despair.The first thing to realise when writing a professional sports stadium sample essay is that it must be brief and to the point. You should avoid too much detail - this will defeat the purpose of writing a professionally written essay. Ideally, your essay should only be about 10 pages long, so do not worry if you are writing for a small audience. If it has to be a product launch, for example, then the more information you can include in the essay, the better.You will also need to carefully consider your personal opinion. Remember that while you are trying to impress a reader, they will also be trying to do the same thing, so do not take the opinions of others to heart. Personal opinions will help you create a good impression on the reader, but remember that you are writing to impress them, so don't spoil their chance of doing so by telling them you think their thoughts are rubbish.To make the most of your professional sports stadium sample essay, you will also need to select a topic that they will be interested in. A theme is likely to be more successful as you have a complete picture of who they are. Think about what subjects they would enjoy, or what their hobbies might be. If you are going to write for a school project, you may want to look at what topics you would want to write about.When writing a professional sports stadium sample essay, you will also need to use strong, engaging language. Your essay will be judged by the reader, so it is essential that you know how to write effectively. In fact, there is no point writing an essay if you cannot capture their attention.Using simple language will also help you make the most of your professional sports stadium sample essay. People will struggle to read essays that use complicated language, and even if you can follow an academic jargon, it is not likely to grab their attention. Therefore, try and stick to the simplest language possible. One thing to keep in mind, however, is that readers often prefer a less complicated essay, so be careful not to write too much to make the essay too complex.The best way to make the most of your professional sports stadium sample essay is to write it as fast as you can. If you put off writing it, you will struggle to come up with an effective essay that will impress your reader, and you will end up struggling to finish it, which will leave you with a poor essay that does not impress them.

Supply Chain Management and Competitive Advantage

Introduction Managing the public hospitals is currently a tricky undertaking. This is due to the fact that the management is under constant scrutiny by the general public. Therefore, all funds from the public coffers must be effectively managed. The public resources on disposal is ever insufficient to meet all the needs for running a facility like a hospital and the meager resources that are available must not be wasted. That is why the concept of supply chain management is important in improving the performance of the organization (Davis, 1993, para. 4).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Supply Chain Management and Competitive Advantage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Supply chain management will eventually help in service delivery to the patients’ satisfaction while drastically cutting down the costs. In broad terms, supply chain management is a concept involving overseeing the finance, materials and also the information while it is moving from the supplier to producer and finally to the consumer. The idea of supply chain management is to minimize the need of holding stock in the organization. Supply chain management has three flows. Finance flow which entails financial arrangements of the organization with the third parties, that is, the suppliers and the customers. Information flow deals with processing the orders and being updated with the status of delivery. Finally, product flow entails how products move from supplier to the customers. To better understand supply chain management, it is important to identify its components. These include planning, sourcing and manufacturing, making, delivering and returning (Wailgum, 2007, p. 6). Background of the study The Children, Youth and Women’s Health Organization (CYWH) is a health facility which was established in 2004 by the Australian government. The primary objective of this organization is to promote the health of child ren, youth and the women. The hospital which based in Adelaide provides maternity services and specialist care for children who are suffering from chronic conditions. CYWH has a mission for delivering quality services for women, children and the young people by working hand in hand with clients and the partners to achieve the main goal of maintaining health of South Australians. The hospitals strategic plan covers a period of five years in which it hopes to establish the foundations for healthy nation. Analysis of the existing situation The current health care system existing in South Australia cannot be sustained and required to be overhauled. This is the main reason why the government established CYWH hospital to meet health needs of her people.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The health and patterns of diseases are constantly changing in the southern part of Australi a. This is similar to other struggling nations. It is important to note that majority of the diseases can be treated and prevented. However it is not always possible to treat such diseases due to the fact that the people do not have sufficient finances that enables them access quality medical attention. Diseases such as obesity associated with unhealthy lifestyle are becoming common and a challenge to the authorities. Since it is expensive to manage the diseases, it is important to utilize supply chain management to help the hospital manage these diseases. The concept of supply chain management applies in this situation such that the drugs required to effectively treat the diseases need to move from the manufacturer, in this case the pharmaceuticals, to the government stores, then to the patients. This is a long chain consisting of many players and the impact of delaying or breaking any part of this chain can be immense. The prime objective of supply chain management is to drastical ly cut the cost and maintaining minimal inventories (Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky Simchi-Levi, 2003, p. 24). In CYWH hospital, there are incidences where accident victims are brought into the hospital but succumb to diseases due to host of factors such as shortage of doctors to attend the patients and shortage of medicine. Medicine for treating diseases may not be available when required due to logistic problems. For example, if the manufacturer is located out of Australia, the procedure for acquiring the medicine may not be as simple as it should be. Supply chain management will ensure that period between procuring the medicine from the pharmaceuticals and receiving them at the hospital is short. This will reduce the fatalities. It is common in the hospital that there are huge stocks of medicine not useful to the patients (Msimangira, 2009, p.3). These drugs are either slow moving or are expired. Such stock was bought at a cost. Therefore inventory costs such a patient dying or lose of m orale can be high. Unsatisfied patients will have to look other facilities for treatment if there hospital cannot accord them one. However, to implement such a system is not easy because the health industry is full of uncertainty (Simchi-Levi et al., 2003, p. 30). It is not sure when the patients will show up or when the medical suppliers will be obsolete. Such shortcomings drove the hospitals to buying huge quantity of medicines and causing unnecessary stock piles (Dong Xu, 2002, p.75).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Supply Chain Management and Competitive Advantage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The activities within the hospital are not organized. For instance, medical records of the patients are stored in a location which is far and retrieving them is not be easy. Therefore, installing the supplies chains management system in the hospital will bring various benefits such as inter-departmental coordi nation of the activities which makes it easy to run the hospital. The organization needs to integrate Information Technology (IT) in its operations (Poirier, 1998, p.100). This is because Information Technology is a vital component of supply chain management. According to Byrd and Davidson (2003, pp. 243-255), IT will bring various benefits such as the ability to track and monitor the drug movement along the supply chain. Tracing the assets of the hospital has been a tricky issue because of the physical locations (IBM, 2009, p. 3). With the introduction of supplies chain management, it will be easy to monitor and track the assets and other critical equipments owned by the hospital. There are activities which do not add value to the hospital and are not core operations of the hospital and therefore causes unnecessary spending (OECD, 2007, p.3). With the supply chain management system, there will be efficiency in the processes and will eliminate non value adding activities. Use of Pic k conveyors and order retrieval systems are some of the ways of eliminating such activities. Standardization of product.Purchasing of equipments haphazardly has led to unwarranted costs, hence there is need to standardize all equipments and the products so as to reduce careless spending of hard earned funds (Dyckhoff, Lackes Reese, 2002, p. 1). Standardization of products and equipments ensures that few products are procured in increased volumes from small number of suppliers (Anderson, 2010, para. 1-3). There is heavy discontent amongst the hospital staff as a result of the following findings. Key findings The activities of the hospital are not well coordinated, and as a result, there are high inefficiencies in the processes. Purchasing of machines and equipments that are not very important or are of marginal importance has led to the hospital incurring high costs. There is need of the hospital to embrace information technology. The future or current needs of the customers are no t being adequately met. The pharmaceuticals supplying the drugs to the hospital are not being paid on time The hospital staff is very discontented as a result of heavy workload. The processes within the organization are not consistent hence the organization is not efficient as a result. The patients are not well attended to and this has brought a lot of complaints from them. Conclusion Supply chain management can be of great importance in attaining operational efficiencies and effectiveness in the health sector (Deloitte, 2006, para. 4). This is because it will lead to drastic savings of costs and improved care of the patients. The importance of supply chain management is evident from the other sectors such as retail, hospitality, automotive, technology and space industries which have adopted and successfully integrated supply chain management in their systems (Christopher, 1999, p. 65). Healthcare industry has given a wide berth the supply chain management although it promises to bring radical improvements to this sector (Spens Bask, 2002, pp.73-88).If supply chain management is entrenched into the operations of the hospital, it can generate economies that permit the organizations to reallocate money and other resources to patients leading to ultimate satisfaction (McGullog, Wadsley, 1999, p.220).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Anderson, D. Part standardization. 2010. Web. http://www.build-to-order-consulting.com/Standardization.htm Byrd, T. Davidson, N. 2003. Examining possible antecedents of IT impact on the supply chain and its effect on firm performance. Information Management. Vol. 41, Issue 2, pp. 243-255. Christopher, M.1999. Logistics and supply chain management: strategies for  reducing cost and improving service. London: Pitmann Publishing. Davis, T.2010. Effective supply chain management. 1993. Web. Available at: http://www.ie.bilkent.edu.tr/~ie571/davis%201993.pdf. Deloitte.2006. Healthcare, health, services, supply chain, management, service  delivery. Web. Available at: http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_CA/ca/services/consulting/strategyandoperations/supplychainmanagement/3d6f483cc320e110VgnVCM100000ba42f00aRCRD.htm. Dong, Y., Xu, K. 2002.A supply chain model of vendor managed inventory. Logistics  and Transportation Review.Vol.38, issue 2, pp.75-95. Dyckhoff, H., Lackes , R. Reese, J.2004. Supply chain management and reverse  logistics. New York: Springer. IBM.2007. IBM RFID for Supply Chain and Logistics: Reusable asset tracking solution.  Web. Available at: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:_RCWxOac7YEJ:www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias%3Finfotype%3DPM%26subtype%3DSP%26htmlfid%3DSAS03009USEN%26attachment%3DSAS03009USEN.PDF%26appname%3DSNDE_SA_SA_USEN_SB+.+IBM+RFID+for+Supply+Chain+and+Logistics:+Reusable+asset+tracking+solutioncd=1hl=enct=clnkgl=ke . Msimangira, K.2009. Supply chain integration, supplier commercial relationships,  and order fulfillment practices in public hospitals. Web. Available at: http://www.pomsmeetings.org/ConfProceedings/011/FullPapers/011-0826.pdf . McGullog, T. Wadsley, T. 1999. The general principles of value chain management. Supply Chain Management. An International Journal. Vol. 4,issue 5, pp.218 – 225. OECD. 2007. Moving Up the Value Chain: Staying Competitive in the Global Ec onomy. Web. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/24/35/38558080.pdf . Simchi-Levi, D., Kaminsky, P., Simchi-Levi, E. 2003. Designing and managing the  supply chain: concepts, strategies, and case studies. New York: McGraw Hill. Solis, L. 2002. The management of successful strategic alliances in supply chain  management networks: An empirical study of successful factors in Spain. Web. Available at: http://latienda.ie.edu/working_papers_economia/WP02-09.pdf . Spens, K., Bask, A. 2002. Developing a framework for supply chain management. International Journal of Logistics Management. Vol. 13, issue 1, pp.73 – 88. Wailgum, T.2010. Supply Chain Management Definition and Solutions. Web. Available at: http://www.cio.com/article/40940/Supply_Chain_Management_Definition_and_Solutions . This assessment on Supply Chain Management and Competitive Advantage was written and submitted by user Sidney Frederick to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Supply Chain Management and Competitive Advantage Introduction It is the aim of every firm to maximize its profits and reduce costs while at the same time gaining higher market possession for its good or services. Most of the firms have traditionally concentrated on profit maximization concept and have therefore put a lot of effort on cost of raw materials and other inputs that are seen to be more important than anything else.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain Management and Competitive Advantage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More But recently other aspects have been emerging as being also important in increasing efficiency in operations thus, reducing costs in a firm. Firms have realized that supply chain management play a key role in reducing costs as well as improving relationships with other players in the market, consequently increasing a firm’s competitive advantage. Definition Supply chain is the interconnection of organizations involving the flow of raw materials, finished products, finances and information that helps in facilitating production marketing and selling of goods and products. It can either be downstream where it starts from the supplier of raw materials and flows through the manufacturer to the retailer and lastly to the customer, or upstream where the point of emanation is at the customer then it passes through the retailer, manufacturer and finally at the supplier. Supply chain management is therefore, the management of the supply chain system to ensure smooth running and efficiency in the system hence benefiting from it (Horch 2009). Additionally, supply chain management involves inclusion of important factors that help in value addition to the customer as well as the involved organization. Importance of supply chains Manufacturers expect to get the raw materials at the right time, to ensure continuity in production process as interruption interferes with the availability of the commodity for deliver y to buyers. On top of that, producers want to maintain as minimal inventory as possible to reduce storage costs, while the suppliers expect payment in good time to help them continue supplying. On the other hand, retailers and wholesalers want a stead supply of goods to ensure that they do not run short of any commodity, while the level of inventories is relatively low since huge inventory increases storage cost but bring no income (Bolstorff Rosenbaum 2012). In conjunction to that, availability of the commodity within the customer’s reach at all times is very important not only in maintaining customers, but also in attracting new ones. All these expectations can only be achieved through proper and efficient management of the supply chain to ensure that the flow either downstream or upstream is uninterrupted timely and cost effective (Horch 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Supply chain and competitive advantage Ability of the firm to secure competitive advantage over its competitors enables the firm to emerge the winner during competition, and this can be achieved through proper management of the supply chain of the firm. Supply chain management requires that a firm carries out it’s competencies but outsource what requires specialization (Bolstorff Rosenbaum 2012). Since Kellogg’s is not specialized in transportation issues, it hires TDG a logistics firm which has a lot of experience in this line of specialization. In addition, supply chain management facilitates turnover expansion through value addition where producers get involved in assisting the retailers to reduce their operation costs mostly through delivering commodities just when they are needed reducing the retailers’ cost of holding inventory. Kellogg’s has achieved this through its joint efforts with Tesco in the Ready Shelf Unit strategy which oth er than reducing the staff cost for Tesco it increases its turnover as well as that of Kellogg’s. When an organization in the supply chain realizes that there is value increase by being in the system, it becomes more willing to be part of the system hence increasing competitive advantage (Bolstorff Rosenbaum 2012). Furthermore, through proper supply chain management a firm is able to know areas of weakness of the partner. The firm can then rectify by helping in these areas and in turn the partner will be forced to stick with the firm hence, gaining competitive advantage over the competitors. On top of that, supply chain management also helps in the reduction of costs of operation for example maintaining high inventories of either raw materials or finished products or the transportation costs which mostly increases because of sending low quantities several times (Horch 2009). Through proper supply management, transportation is well coordinated such that goods are sent when th ey are required and this is always harmonized such that retailers in the same area can be supplied at the same time thus, reducing the chances of vehicles wasting space on their supply trips. Kellogg’s achieves this by incorporating Kimberley Clark, another manufacturer, therefore sharing transportation expenses which help in reduction of costs and consequently commodity price hence attracting more customers. Having the products at the retailers’ shelves all the time is also a key factor in ensuring that demand for the firm’s goods is high. When customers receive advertisement of certain products and they are able to get them from the retailers when they want them, the probability of them sticking to the product increases.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain Management and Competitive Advantage specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition to that, the firm can use the retailers for promotion reasons when they have ensured constant supply of their commodities (Horch 2009). Kellogg’s has achieved this by liaising with the retailers to ensure its products are on the shelves always while ensuring that the retailers help in promoting the products. Its prices are also competitive because of the cost effective means of distribution due to efficient supply chain management. Process Integration The level of integration in the supply chain system highly depends on the number of components that are involved as well as the complexity of each component. It should be noted that, every aspect of the supply chain should be taken care of properly for the benefits of the firm. Information needs to be incorporated in the system as it helps in collection of feedback from the customers so that effective action can be taken in time to avoid any losses that might be imminent. Products must reach the consumer who is the final person in the chain and therefore anybody or firm t hat can help in delivering the product to the final consumer efficiently should be integrated in the system (Bolstorff Rosenbaum 2012). The process should also take into consideration the risk and reward issue to ensure that there is encouragement for the partners to remain in the chain thus, reducing the risk of chain breakdown. The culture and attitude of the partners also need to be managed for they will highly interfere with the normal flow within the chain. Proper management of this will ensure that partner differences are resolved and they do not affect the supply chain. On top of that, it is also important to look beyond the delivery of the commodity to the customer and take care of the environment which also increases the level of integration. Globalization and Emerging issues The concept of globalization has introduced new challenges into supply chain management hence, compelling the bodies involved to devise new ways of dealing with them. Firstly, globalization has made f irms to venture into foreign markets which have different tax structures than their home countries. This has led to the emerging of a method of managing the supply chain while taking into consideration the difference in tax structures (Bolstorff Rosenbaum 2012). Tax efficient supply chain management ensures that global firms take advantage of the difference in tax structures to increase their profits.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The importance of going beyond the delivery of the commodity to the customer and look at the disposal of waste materials and the environmental sustainability has also posed a new challenge. This has led to the emergence of the concept of reverse logistics which also should be taken into consideration. Besides, availability of many substitutes due to globalization has increased competition and the linear supply chain management is no longer feasible, therefore firms have to look for a new mode of management (Horch 2009). Conclusion Supply chain management plays an important role in increasing competitive advantage of any firm thus increasing its profit margin, hence its importance in today’s management. Unfortunately, globalization has caused the business environment to changing every now and again compelling firms to be on their toes and come up with more effective methods of supply chain management to remain competitive. References Bolstorff, P. Rosenbaum, G. R. (2012). Sup ply Chain Excellence. New York: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Horch, N. (2009). Management Control of Global Supply Chains. Norderstedt: BoD-Books on Demand. This essay on Supply Chain Management and Competitive Advantage was written and submitted by user Alondra Henderson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Concept of Discipline Investigation in the Accounting Field

Concept of Discipline Investigation in the Accounting Field Introduction This discipline investigation is a process of examining the trends, responsibilities, and possible career paths in the accounting field. By conducting the discipline investigation, my expectations are clarified. I am encouraged to add courses that will increase my employability.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Concept of Discipline Investigation in the Accounting Field specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I chose to pursue a Bachelors degree in accounting because of the social recognition that financial managers have in public. Financial managers have the likelihood to become general managers or CEOs in a company if they have an accumulation of work experience from different firms. Most career paths allow employees to attain managerial positions depending on their contribution and experience. My perception was that accountants start at a rank that is very close to the top most position. It could be two or t hree steps to the top depending on the size of the company or department. It increases possibilities of being the general manager or CEO, and a higher salary package. Those who study commerce or marketing have to go through many stages. I thought for accountants to succeed, the skills needed are numerical accuracy, and paying attention to detail. An accountant does not have a sales target like some business-related careers. The first job may also start with an attractive paycheck. My expectations before the discipline investigation were that financial analysts have less work but receive a higher pay than most careers. I believe I am observant enough to recognize small changes in trends. The US has conformed to IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) standards from GAAP (U.S generally accepted accounting principles). International accounting standards were found necessary as part of adapting to the global market structure (Paul Burks 3). Globalization has resulted in orga nizations setting business in several countries. Organizations operating in several countries need standardized financial statements and reports. The chances of getting a job in any country increase because accounting policies have been standardized globally. There is a global market requiring the services of accountants. I believe I will always be employed. My subject is known as Christine Tamura. Currently, she is an electronic banking analyst at the Bank of Hawaii in Honolulu. She has over 20 years experience in the financial sector. Tamura chose to study accounting because she had recognized her mathematical skills in high school.Advertising Looking for report on accounting? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She points out that written communication skills provide an advantage. I have gained the inspiration that written communication skills are very important in the financial field. Ability to handle accurately lar ge quantities of numerical data is necessary for a satisfactory work performance. Critical thinking and problem solving skills may be necessary for an exceptional performance. Background and career path Tamura’s first job was to work as a staff accountant in the Prudential’s Western Home Office Department of Treasury from March 1994 to April 1997. The first job position was an opportunity which matched her qualifications. She obtained a B.S., Business Administration (Accounting major) from the California State University. She has computers skills in programs such as Excel, Access, and Lotus among others. The first job provided her with 3 years of work experience in the accounting field. Sweeney, Bame-Aldred Thornburg elaborate that an accountant who exchanges firms â€Å"before attaining two years of experience may be viewed with suspicion† (9). Tamura had the 3 years work experience with the first organization. She was exposed to the Billing Department, and r econciling accounts which gave her an advantage to fill the quality auditor position with an insurance company. In the first job, she knew she could adapt quickly to fit in areas that needed additional training. She said, â€Å"There is no training, you just dive in.† Adaptability was a very important skill as much as it is today. The first job provided a financial analysis career path which she had followed consistently to the current job position. Sweeney, Bame-Aldred Thornburg discuss that â€Å"employment with a big firm is an indicator of quality† (9). She has more than 20 years experience with a big proportion of the time spent in financial analysis. Her education qualifications and her experience in financial analysis make her fit her current position. I learn that I will need to find general accounting staff positions before seeking specialist positions. Tamura made me recognize that the most important requirement to enter the field is an accounting degree. An accounting degree is the minimum requirement to be considered to fill a position in the financial field with a medium-sized or large firm. Other qualities and skills such as analytical skills and communication skills are essential for better performance after meeting the minimum requirement for education level. In a job interview, having some analysis experience promotes a candidate’s employability. According to Tamura, the banking industry is much concerned about analysis skills. Tamura explains that she had to lift a 25 lbs weight in an interview. It shows that physical fitness is also valued in the workplace.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Concept of Discipline Investigation in the Accounting Field specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Knowledge on using computer software, such as Excel, Word, Outlook, and Access, is necessary for job consideration. A ‘ten key by touch’ indicates high speed typi ng skills. Koumbiadis, Conway Angel explain that â€Å"accountants face the challenge of standards overload, and the need to keep pace with the explosion in technological advances† (2). Analysts use assistive software which requires them to update their training on a regular basis. The standards overload was a retaliatory action from the accounting standards board and organizations to avoid unethical behavior committed by accountants in the past. I recognize the need for continuous training in upcoming technological devices, and software. Financial analysis is generated at the end of a particular period such as quarterly or annually. The complexity increases with changing accounting policies that approve one approach after another. Jesswein (3) discusses that financial analysis involves complex and large volumes of data. The management team uses the financial analysis reports to find reasons for good or bad performance. They give direction on how to enhance good performance or correct the bad performance. Problem-solving capabilities may increase a financial analyst’s work ratings among the management team. There is a need to capture the audience’s confidence through financial reporting. The job expectation in the field is that I need to have good communication skills to give good presentations. I need to do a thorough analysis, and make proper preparations to gain confidence in front of the top management team who will be my superiors. One of the surprises in the financial analysis field that Tamura met is the lack of additional training by the company. The company expects a financial analyst to use his/her accounting knowledge to adapt to any new job descriptions that may occur. Tamura encouraged me to take many courses that are related to accounting to minimize the effect of surprises. Another surprise is found in salary distribution. There is no significant difference in the salary amount earned between those with undergraduate degree s and postgraduate degrees (Sweeney, Bame-Aldred Thornburg 10). The remuneration ranges from $40,000 to $80,000. It means one can have a high salary but low salaries are also possible. I expect a wide range of salaries. Roles and responsibilities Tamura’s currently works as an electronic banking analyst. Her job description includes analyzing ATM performance, providing interpretation of results, and giving strategic direction. She provides insight on the automated billing system to increase efficiency.Advertising Looking for report on accounting? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She researches and resolves financial discrepancies that occur with other financial institutions, and processing networks. She prepares and processes checks and internal GL tickets to clear/offset settlement, billings, and write-off on various electronic-banking products. Bales Fox state that â€Å"to combat fraud, prevent it by understanding the early signs of fraud† (2). They elaborate that it is necessary to detect fraud early to be able to deal with it properly. This calls for a continuous monitoring and analysis process. An e-banking analyst has to pay a high attention to detail to detect discrepancies. It also requires use of assistive software to detect irregularities. Tamura holds the second highest job position in the financial section of her branch. The Bank of Hawaii is organized in six sections. These are retail, sales, operations and technology, administration and legal, accountancy, and risk management. The accountancy section has only one department known as c ontrol accounting (Bank of Hawaii, chart). Accountants may fall under four groups. These are management accountants, government accountants/auditors, public accountants, and internal auditors (A look at accounting careers, par. 5-8). Tamura position falls under management accountants. She provides the management team with an analysis for decision-making process. For a financial analyst, the minimum requirements are the 4-year-course accounting degree, and 2 years of experience in a banking sector. Tamura has more than 13 years in the banking sector. She has spent most of these years playing roles that relate to financial analysis. The basic computer training application packages required is Excel, Access, and Word. Microsoft Outlook may also be needed for the Local Area Network (LAN) system. Cory Huttenhoff (5) explain that the most preferred degree for private firms was the 120-hour bachelor’s degree in accounting rather than the 150-hour bachelor’s degree. An accou nting degree is more preferred than a degree in finance, business administration or information systems. CPA is considered the most relevant certification for accountants though it may require 150 hours in some states. It is obtained after a degree in accounting in some states. Employers think that increasing the number of learning hours after the 120-hour training does not have an impact on an accountant’s quality. Newly signed accountants may generate positive ethical perceptions from their audience. Newly staffed accountants have a good rating because studies indicate that there is â€Å"no relationship between ethical perceptions of newly staffed accountants and unethical behavior of corporate leaders† (Koumbiadis, Conway Angel, 10). It gives confidence to newly staffed accountants during presentations. Cory Huttenhoff (6) claim that ethics is the second most important topic to cover in college after intermediate accounting. Without ethics, the entire profession is at risk. Integrity is essential. Otherwise, accounting reports would lose their credibility. From this part, I learnt that an accountant’s ethical behavior is the second most important quality after accounting knowledge. The respondent faces the biggest challenge when they are going through a system conversion. They are required to develop new reports within a short period. Changing the system means changing the vendor system or procedures in electronic banking. It involves analyzing and transferring reports from the old system into the new system. Despite the challenges of shifting into a new system, they are meant to provide better solutions. Burks, Lewis, Paul Daniel (4) discuss that monitoring software may solve the problem of documentation required by the legal system. By updating electronic banking tools, the procedures are able to enhance security, and avoid losing the documentation. The amount of work during system upgrade is large but it is aimed at increasing wo rk performance. It also reduces the effort needed to meet exceptional work performance. Her team has to ensure that the new system functions as planned. When an automated system is faulty then it keeps on generating faulty results. It requires multiple test runs. An effective system is good for workers. Customers’ satisfaction level also improves with a new operating system. In the ATM and e-banking section, the banking sector faces high competition. A bank may lose its competitive edge if it does not upgrade to match emerging trends. I learn that a system change may involve a lot of work but it is necessary for better services. Financial analysts may face the challenge of delivering bad news. Bad news is a finding that portrays that business opportunities may decline or profitability may reduce. The problem of delivering unfavorable findings is likely to happen with non-professional investors. Li McDowell (9) explain that investors may judge an analyst’s attribute, s uch as investment-banking relationships, rather than the findings of his/her report. The investors who are already in business respond more commonly with the attribute effect than prospective investors. They may ignore important factors such as causes of the outcomes. It may require a good report that emphasizes the study of a trend, outcomes, and causes among other factors that create a situation rather than the conclusion of the report. Reports are presented to the management team/board. The management team has an average sophistication level that is higher than the average consumer sophistication level. A higher sophistication level means higher demands for better explanations. They also require more facts and references to win their approval. Tamura works for a highly competitive market segment. Tamura presents her findings to a group of professional investors. This may not always be the case, sometimes a financial analyst may work for non-professional investors. I need to be pr epared to distinguish my audience, and highlight the most important parts of an analysis report. Communication skills Most financial analysis is based on periods which may reduce everyday’s work. Daily work may include making updates about changes in financial statements. Financial analysis is generated at the end of a particular period. The target for writing communication includes other financial institutions, and the management team. She needs to develop researches, and resolve discrepancies that may emerge between the bank and other financial institutions. It may require documentation which can be printed or present as a soft copy. She may be required to prepare PowerPoint presentations to summarize matters to the top management team. They may be used as an aid to her presentations. Cory Huttenhoff claim that critical thinking is â€Å"given the highest priority followed by written communication† (6). One of her roles is to investigate, analyze and report on chang ing trends to management to minimize losses on ATM related issues. She is mainly involved in developing reports. The reports may be generated according to regular intervals set by the company. Her performance improves by providing possible strategic direction for her organization. It requires critical thinking and problem solving skills. From her description and nature of her work, speaking and listening are the most important oral communication skills. They are used during presentations about reports, and findings. Her advice was to attend speech classes to be able to give good presentations after making analyses, and developing reports. Listening skills are important for one to be able to cope with criticism. Listening is also necessary to identify parts that require adjustment in a report. Cory Huttenhoff (6) discuss that oral communications was ranked fourth in the priority list. That is, after critical thinking, written communication, and interpersonal skills. Tamura describes that one should expect criticism from co-workers and the management. Interpersonal skills help an individual to respond positively to criticism. They assist employees to achieve good work performance within the teamwork. Reading skills are also important in the financial analyst position. A financial analyst should be aware of market trends, and changes in consumer preference to get some ideas about solving business problems. It is necessary to go through recent market descriptions from specialists in journals, magazines, newspapers, and websites. From reading reports from other analysts, the financial analyst is able to understand investor behavior, and consumer preference (Li McDowell 9). For example, the analyst may understand the investors’ reaction to unfavorable reports, and analysts’ responses to nonprofessional investors’ subjective judgment. Investment requires continuous learning. A good part should involve learning from other people’s experie nces. Investment mistakes can be very costly, and may act as a barrier in an analyst’s career path. There are benefits of pioneering in a trend before the idea diffuses to the entire market. Learning trends early may be beneficial when making decisions. Conclusion The discipline investigation has provided more insight on the roles and responsibilities of a financial analyst. Tamura had fewer responsibilities in her first job compared with her current job. As one gets higher in the rank, roles and responsibilities increase. I have learnt that critical thinking and written communication are given the highest priority in the recruitment process. Tamura has been successful because of numerical skills, skills in computer systems, and work experience. I have also learnt that computer knowledge in Excel and Word are essential for a beginner in the workplace. With the remaining time in college, I will try my best to add related courses that may enhance my level of adaptability. Organ izations expect accountants to change to new systems, sometimes without providing training for the change. Tamura’s career path has been progressive. She started in the general accounting staff before becoming a financial analyst. Her experience at the Treasury made her work easier at the insurance company. Afterwards, she has always done some financial analysis for firms that she joined. From these, I learn that financial analysis may start among other roles before one becomes known fully as a financial analyst. A look at accounting careers 2011. Web. investopedia.com/articles/financialcareers/08/accounting.asp. Bales, Kimberly Terry Fox. â€Å"Evaluating a trend analysis of fraud factors.† Journal of Finance and Accountancy. 5.6 (2011): 1-12. Web. aabri.com/manuscripts/10495.pdf. Bank of Hawaii n.d. Web. theofficialboard.com/org-chart/bank-of- hawaii. Burks, Eddy, Stanley Lewis, Amanda Paul Lee Daniel. â€Å"Using technology to satisfy the material participation requirement of IRC Sec.469.† Journal of Finance and Accountancy. 9.7 (2012): 1-7. Web. aabri.com/manuscripts/111004.pdf. Cory, Suzanne Thomas Huttenhoff. â€Å"Perspectives of non-public accountants about accounting education and certifications: An exploratory investigation.† Journal of Finance and Accountancy. 6.6 (2011): 1-14. Web. aabri.com/manuscripts/10688.pdf. Jesswein, Kurt. â€Å"Analyzing financial statements with the potentially misreported cost of goods sold figures.† Journal of Finance and Accountancy. 6.1 (2011): 1-10. Web. aabri.com/manuscripts/10662.pdf. Koumbiadis, Nicholas, Grace Conway Jack Angel. â€Å"Ethical perceptions of newly staffed accountants: an exploratory study.† Journal of Finance and Accountancy, 6.8 (2011): 1- 12. Web. aabri.com/manuscripts/10731.pdf. Li, Wei Evelyn McDowell. â€Å"Investor affect, investor status and the influence of analyst reports.† Journal of Finance and Accountancy. 8.7 (2011): 1-14. Web. aab ri.com/manuscripts/11951.pdf. Paul, Amanda Eddy Burks. â€Å"Preparing for international financial reporting standards.† Journal of Finance and Accountancy. 4.9 (2010): 1-8. Web. aabri.com/manuscripts/10530.pdf. Sweeney, John, Charles Bame-Aldred Steven Thornburg. â€Å"Pricing in the accountant labor market.† Journal of Finance and Accountancy. 4.7 (2010): 1-24. Web. aabri.com/manuscripts/10536.pdf.